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The two oldest universities in the world are Arab : the universities Al Quaraouiyine of Fez (Morocco) and Al- Azhar in Cairo (Egypt).

University Al Quaraouiyine

According to UNESCO, this university is the Guinness of Records as well as several historians, the oldest university of the world. In other side, there are some who claim that this is not technically the case. Anyway, this university was built in 895 during the reign of the Idrisside dynasty. It is still active and is divided into four faculties distributed between Marrakech, Fez, Agadir and Tetouan. Some of the imminent philosophers and scholars of the arab world have passed through it.

University Al-Azhar

Built around 970 – 972 during the reign of the Chiite dynasty of the Fatimids. Al-Azhar is properly an islamic university from 988. For the record, the great juge of Egypt Abû Al-hassan taught Chiite legal book before a large audience. This course was at the origin of what was to be the Alzar university. The university is now one of the most wellknown and the most important in the arabe world. The education provided there has been enriched over time.

Arab study in French universities

The language, the culture, the art and so many others areas have fascinated many people. So much so that the arab study is now available in many universities, as much as the America’s history or French literature. Most of the famous universities in the major cities of France offer courses related to the arab world or to the domain of Islam : Paris, Lille, Lyon, Rennes, Tulouse, Strasbourg…

… and all over Europe

Some of the countries of European Union home the best universities in the world. Many universities offer Arabis studies, the language, the art or in the socio-cultural area. Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Romania and many others have universities that offer either courses or licences and even masters in Islamic studies or Arabic studies. These same unversities, wether in France or throughout Europe, give access to varied opportunities to students who have completed their studies.

In short, the Arab world is linked to the rest of the world and the presence of these courses by the universities reinforces this link.

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Morocco

For the Morocco, people wear the « Jilbab » or the « Djeballa ». It covers the whole body except the head, hands, and feet. This is a long and wide hooded dress that the Moroccan men or women put on over their normal clothes. Before, the djeballa was simple in white or black color but it evolved with time. Some are decorated with embroideries. There are djeballa for everyday but there are also djeballa for special occasions. The djeballa is worn by both men and women. Sometimes, women accompany it with a scarf around their neck or their head and men accompany it with the famous red Moroccan headgear called fez or tarbouche and slippers called babouche.

United Arab Emirates

The Emirati qami called « the dishadasha » or « kandoura » is the traditional dress of the Emirates. This ia a long, wide, light and fresh plain dress with long sleeve for men. Traditionnally, the color is white to protect from heat, but sometimes colored for special occasions. The Emirati Keiffyeh is the official headgear of the inhabitants of United Arab Emirates. At the beginning, the keiffyeh is white and called « ghutra » or « ghoutra » and held by « agal » which is a a kind of a heavy black pipe that keeps the keiffyeh on the head. At present, there are red and white checkered keiffyeh or other colors. For the women, traditionnally, they wear a long black dress called « abaya », but currently there are patterened abayas on the collar and sleeves. This abaya is accompanied by a scarf called « hijab » that covers the neck and part of the hair. Other women add « the niqab » that covers the mouth ad thhe forehead to leave only the eyes.

Tunisia

The « djebba » is the traditionnal dress of Tunisia. This ample garment decorated with embroideries covers the whole body except the forearms and the calves. It is made with linen, wool or silk. There are differents types of djebba. The djebba « harir » in silk and white worn for special occasions, the djebba « Mlifa »in wool and gray, blue or green color with embroideries worn during winter, the djebba «Kamraya » in linen with embroideries in the form of the sun, the djebba « maqrdech » in silk and in linen and the djebba « Karmla » green. The djebba is accompanied with the famous vest called « sedria » or « farmala » or « bedaia ». Not forgetting the sarouel which is silk puffer pants that is tightened at the waist and finally the jacket. The djebba is worn by both men and women, but the styles are multiple for women depending on the region. The traditional Tunisian costume is today still the outfit par excellence for great occasions such as weddings or other ceremonies.

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1. String instruments

They are musical instruments in which the sound is produced by the vibration of one or many strings. Those strings are fixed on its body that plays at the same time the role of amplifier. Among those string instruments, we can see the Oud, also called the Aoud and the Qanbüs or Gambus.

The Oud

The Oud is a string instrument widely used in the Arab countries. It is formed by a large hardwood resonance box such us walnut, mahogany,maple or beech. This box is pear shaped with a bottom composed of about fifteen (or more) glued ribs. The handle is made of wood, it is short and ends with a tailpiece wich forms an angle of about 50° to support the strings held by pegs. The saddle is made of bone or ebony. For the harmony table, it is made of resinous wood or cedar wood. This musical instrument is held in the same way as a guitar. Sometimes, it used as melodic or rhythmic bass in instrumental ensembles.

The Qanbüs

This is a string instrument used in ancient time. It is a native musical instrument of Yemen but also spread in Oman and in Saudi Arabia. It consists of a single bolck hollow wood covered with a very thin goat skin and well stretched with four strings made of goat intestines. It measures 80 cm to 1m.

2. Wind instruments

They are in which the sound is produced by the vibrations of a column of air caused by the breath of an intrumentalist or a mecanocal blower or an air pocket. They can be manufactured with al sorts of materials : wood, metal, plastic…Among the Arab wind instruments, the most current are the Zurna and the Nay.

The Zurna

The Zurna is an ancient outdoor instrument emitting srident sounds. It is used during festivities like wedding. It was also used during periods of war. The Zurna is manufactured with wood of mulberry tree, apricot tree or peach wood. It varies from 20 to 60 cm depending on the models. It consists of a pipe with 8 holes and a removable hip double reed. An other small wood pipe is inserted in the principal duct in order to guide the air and plug some holes occasionnally. The Zurna is played standing. Most of the time, it is accompanied with a kind of a double membrane drum.

The Ney

The Ney is an arabic flute manufactured with cane or a simple reed. The length of the can or the reed depends on the kind of the Nay that we want to conceive. It is composed of 9 or 8 opened knots at both ends. The oldest model varies between 40 and 60 cm and composes of 6 holes. The bigest is between 70 to 90 cm as the case of Turkish Nay and it strengthen the emission of the most low-pitched sound of the flute.

3. Percussion instruments

Those musical instruments correspond to the category of membranophones. We can say that the fisrt musical instruments are percussions which derives from the movement of the hands by clapping. The most used in Arab world are the Darbuka and the Bendir.

The Darbuka

The Darbuka is one of the main percussion instruments of the Arab-Muslim world. Traditionnaly, it is made of pottery like a plastic cup with open base and covered with a goatskin or fish. But later, aluminium and wood version appeared because of its fragility and the cover is made of plastic. The average measure is around 30 to 60 cm oh height for 15 to 40 cm of diameter.

The Bendir

The Bendir is a one-sided drum on wood circular frameof 40 to 60 cmof diameter and a depth of 15 cm. It is equiped with a stretched goat skin that covers the entire frame. The strings disposed between the skin and the frame vibrate when we hit the surface of the skin and emit a specific sound. It is very popular in Maghreb, the Near-East and the Middle-East.

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1. Egypt

Egyptian cuisine includes numerous typical dishes from North Africa. It is a mixture of numerous mediterranean specialities especially Syro-Lebanese. Starchy foods and rice are the basic food with a lot of spicy dishes of vegetables and meat. Thea and coffee are the national drinks. But the emblematic dish of the country is the « foul medammas ». They are boiled beans served hot and marinated in some oil and lemon. There are different ways to cook it. For the breakfast, it is current to eat a pancake garnished of foul.

2. Morrocco

Morrocan cuisine is a mediterranean cook which has been influenced by Arabic, Berber, Jew, Sub-saharan Africa and Asia. Inspite of this, Morrocco could conserve its originality and its unique cultural specificities. There is a big diversity of dishes : couscous, tagine, lamb barbecue named mechoui, pastilla… But the tagine is the emblematic dish of Morrocco and it is also the name of the earthenware pot with its sharp hat in which it is cooked. It is a daily dish with meat, chicken or fish which is accompanied with bread. The tagine is a spicy dish but not highly spicy as chilli. It can take diffrent forms and can be prepared with seasonal vegetables.

3. Jordan

The Typical dish in Jordan, considered as the national dish is the Mansaf. It is also considered as festive meal, for example during a wedding or the independance day. It is prepared with of meat of lamb and a sauce made of fermented and dried yogurt called jamid. The Mansaf is often served with rice or a mixture of different groats. Then, all of this is served with a slice of flat           bread. The Mansaf is also a daily meal made with nature yogurt to make easy the preparation and to reduce the time of cooking. There are many types of Mansaf with other meat like chiken or fish and different methodes of cooking.

4. Yemen

Even though the cooking varies according to the regions, the Saltah is considered as the national dish of Yemen. The origin of this word « Saltah » is from the word « Salatah » which means mixture of vegetables. The basis of this recipe is a beef broth or a beef soup, a fenugreek mousse called Holba, a mixture of chilli, tomatoes, garlic and herbs called Sahawiq. The most used meats for this dish are the lamb and the chicken. This soup is accompanied with rice, potatoes, scrambled eggs or vegetables. The traditional bread served with the Saltah is called Malloga, a bread cooked in a terracotta oven similar to Indian oven.

5. Algeria

Algeria has different kinds of traditional dishes extremely rich and varied. The Algerian national dish is the couscous. It is also one of the emblematic dishes of Magrheb, Jewish, African and Mediterranean cuisine but which varies one receipe to another. The preparation of Algerian couscous varies as well according to the regions, towns and villages. The are salted couscous and sweet and savoury couscous. It is garnished of many kinds of vegetables such us potatoes, turnips, courgettes, carrots, beans, pumpkins…And then, it is served with chicken, mutton, camel or fish and accompanied with a well spiced broth.

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The meeting

The 11st annual conference about the economic freedom in the Arab world was held to the beginning of the month, on 3 and 4 December in Rabat Morocco.   The meeting was organised by the Arab Scientific Research center and human researches (CSA-ERH), in partenership with the Friedrich Nauman Foundation for the freedom, the Fraser institute (Canada) and International research Foundation. The classification is based on 5 adopted criterias for economic freedom’s evaluation in the world.

The criterias

The criterias taken into account in order to establish the classification is numerous. Among them, the commercial low, the insurance of property rights, the expenses, the taxes and the projects. For the financial criterias, there is a capacity to obain currency and the financial facilitation, the freedom of trade at the international level. The classification concerns 21 of the 22 countries of the Arab world, and Syria is excluded from the list.

The classification

One of the striking facts is the gain points of Morocco which is improved in the classification from 14th to 12th position. From an economic freedom’s indexed of 6,5 to 6,6 in 2016, Morocco and Egypt are in the same position. We find Algeria at the bottom of the picture at the 20th position of the 21st contries in the classification.

At the top of the ranking, we notice unsurprisingly the presence of the United Arab Emirates. Following by Jordan and Bahrain which are among the most economically free countries of the Arab world. The top 5 is closed by Kuwait and Lebanon.

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• Sacred dances or religious dances
• Folk dances
• Arab classic dances
• Popular dances

1. Sacred dances or religious dances

Those sacred dances are related to the dominant religion of the Arab world which is the Islam. They are particularly linked to sufism which is the heart of the islamic tradition inaugurated by the Prophet. The sufism is a religious movement in which dances are part of commemorative rituals. Those dances are practised collectively during religious festivals like Ramadan. There are different kinds of sacred dances such as the Hadra, the Dhikr, The Sama…

2. Folk Dances

Those dances are performed during the civil celebrations or events as birth, death, wedding or a social ascent and sometimes during religious festivals. Folk dances are performed by the members of the community. They create a space of advertisement and self-expression and often create a sense of belonging to the community. The steps are simple and repetitive so that each member of the community participate. The movements of the dance take variety of forms like circle which is the most common form. Those folk dances promote the unity between the dancers.

3. Arab Classic dances

Those dances dated from the antiquity and have not ceased to evolve in history and in time. Then, they were perpetuated during Golden Age of Islam. In palaces, we danced this dance’s form on a well structured musical composition called « the nouba » or on a repertoire of music called scholarly like « the Wasla ». For those Arab classic dances, the gestures are ample, harmonious and fluid. Particular attention is devoted to breath and the capacity of alterning the tension and the relaxation of the body to capture the rythm. These are female dances with various movements and the creative possibilities are numerous.

4. Popular dances

Popular dances involve all forms artistic expressions of a people. The rythm varies acording to region or country. So, there can be several styles of popular dances. Those dances also called Chaabi create a festive space and a space of advertisement. The songs which accompany those dances are in dialectal and in a poetic form with rythm that make people dance. For example, in Morocco, popular dances are based on the movements of the pelvis through a festive game. Those movements are enhanced and emphasized by different specific costumes that wear the dancers.

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Here is an overview of feasts celebrated in the Arab world, religious traditional parties, national holidays and Western inspirations’ feasts.

The religious feasts in the Islamic calendar

The feasts related to Islamic religion are celebrated by all the muslim countries in the world, so all the countries of the Arab world. Fixed according to the lunar calendar througout the year, those celebrations give rythm to the Islam’s life and to the believer.

There are two principals feasts, two high points of the year that all muslim should celebrated

• Aïd al-fitr or Aïd el-Seghîr

The feast of Ramadan’s breaking fast, also called Small party lasts at least two days and is related to the gathering and the communion of communities. Aïd’s prayer is a great solemn moment and according to the tradition, people should wear new clothes, children should receive presents, people should present wishes to each other and the families should gather around a hearty meal.

•  Aïd al-Adha or Aïd al-Kabîr

The sacrifice’s feast or Great feast commemorates the prophet Abraham’s approval to offer his sacrifice and mark the end of the pilgrimage’s period in Mecca. The celebration is marked by the sheep’s sacrifice by the chiefs of the family according to the muslims rites. So, a third party of the sheep will be eaten and a third one will be given to needy people and the last part will be given to the guests. The festivities last many days as well.

Others remarkable religious holidays are celebrated in Arab countries. Some are celebrated and become a non-work period in all the communities whereas some are only celebreted in some regions. As the celebration of the birthday of the prophet Al Mawlid Annabaoui, the celebration is marked by public festivities in some countries. Futhermore, there is the Hegira’s commemoration, the muslim new year which is a day off in all the muslims countries without being necessarily a feast day.

The specific feats and national holidays in a particular country

Next to the religious holidays, most of the countries in Arab world (as all the countries in the world) has its national holiday which commemorate the independance proclamation or the creation of a State. This day is marked by national celebrations and parades.

In the monarchies as Morrocco or Jordan, distinctives holidays are celebrated. So, every January 30th, Jordan celebrates the King Abdalalah II birthday.The same in Morrocco, the August 20th, the revolution of the King’s birhday is celebrated and he August 21st is the youth day celebration.

Some countries has local feasts, an occasion of lively festivities. So, in Alger, we celebrate the « moussems » (local feasts) as the Taghit Moussem in the end of October which is the dates harvest at Taghitt, an oasis sitted in the west of Alger ; or in spring with the tomatoes moussem at Adrar and cherries at Tlemcen.

The international celebrations and Western inspiration

Others international holidays give rhythm to the life in the Arab countries and mark their opening up to the world. Thus, the new year’s day, January 1st is celebrated in some countries and May 1st, labour day is a holiday and a non-working day in the Maghreb countries.

Some Arab-Muslim countries celebrate also the Mother’s Day, a day that is not obligatory the same fixed international date. Egypt is the first country which initiate the idea of Mother’s Day celebration, when two creators of the Akhbaar Al-Yawm newspaper received a letter from a mother who complained about the bad behaviour of her children. Then, they suggested in an article dedicating one day to remember mothers and their kindnesses.

One thing led to another, the March 1st, first day of the spring was voted and the first Mothers’s Day in Egypt was celebrated in 1956. Until now, this date is still the date chosen to celebrate Mother’s Day in many countrie in the Arab world.

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Libya

All of us know the history of Lybia’s country during those last decades. The heritage preservation of this country worries  the big cultural institutions of the whole world. Nevertheless and in spite of its history, their culture is well preserved and still holds an important place. The country has many places to visit, museums are part of them. The As- Saraya al- Hmara museum wich is also called « museum of the red castle » is one of the most attractive because it is the fisrt museum opened in Lybia (1919).

Morocco

Morocco is a reputed country with a great cultral richness, not only in the Arab world but also in the whole earth. So, it is normal that we can find more than fifties museums scattered around the country. The museums are divided in various categories, apart from classic museum, there are modern art, telecommunication, ethnography and even  jewellery. The latest museum is the Ecomuseum of Bougmez Valley at Marrackech which was created in 2015 whereas the oldest were created by 1915.

Qatar

With its 4 000 000 inhabitants and its area around 390 000 km2, the Sultanate of Oman records over twenty museums. The topics of those museums are diverse, there are classic museums, art and natural history museums and children’s museums. Besides, the monarchy of Oman counts numerous exception buildings among which 4 are retained on the list of the world  humanity heritage by the UNESCO.

Saudi Arabia

The kigdom of Saudi Arabia is the biggest country in the Middle East and the second biggest in the Arab world behind Algeria. Speaking about museum, the principal attraction of the country is the National museum of Riyad. It has a dynamic architecture composed of two wings ( pre-Islamic wing and Islamic wing) connected by a corridor. The municipal museum of Djebba is also well worth a visit due to the richness of its contents.

Somalia and Sudan

Those two Republics of Africa have rich and fascinating cultural past. In spite of their large area, they don’t have so much museums in order to pass down the histories legacy of their respective routes.

The Somalia’s principal museum is its national one. But in the United- States, more precisely in Minnesota, there is a well-supplied museum dedicated to Somalia.

For the case of Sudan, we can find some interesting museums. The National museum of Khartoum, located in the capital is the biggest and the most visited of them. It owns the largest archeological collection of the country.

The culture of the Arab world is very rich, we can really develop our knowledge by discovering those countries and their histories through those museums. As the latter are cultural assets of paramount importance, the countries must take measures in order to protect them.

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Algeria

There are more than thirty public museums in Algeria in which less than the half take place in Algiers, the capital. The most famous is the National Museum in modern an contemporary Art of Algiers, inaugurated in 2007. This museum focuses on presenting and promoting Algerian contemporary art. The museum is an old transformed departement store, it is classified as historic monument since 2008.

Bahrain – National Museum of Bahrain

This is the greatest and the one of the oldest museums of the country because it opened their doors in 1988. It is located in the town of Manama, the capital. This museum is composed of several rooms that allow visitors to discover the local culture such us lifestyle, tradition, religion. But, there is also the traditional architecture Bahraini and precious archeological remains of the mysterious Dilmun civilisation.

Egypt

Among the countries of the Arab world, Egypt is part of those which have a quantity of as  prestigious museums as each  other. The majority of Egypt museums are concentrated in the city of Cairo and its neighborhood like in the town of Alexandrie. With the past loaded in histories and the great culture of the country, most of the museums are considered as « Egyptology museum ». You can find the complete list of Egypt museums on Wikipedia.

Iraq

Over the last decades, Iraq is a country with a difficult situation, but that does not prevent it having some good museums that deserve to visit. To quote only one of them, The national museum of Irak is a perfect exemple. Located in Bagdad, it is built in 1922 and closed in 1991 during the Gulf War and plundered during the war in Iraq in 2003. It reopened in February 2009. An historical museum is opened as well during September 2016 where we dicover many ancient objects telling the history of Bassorah.

Jordan

Jordan has a lot of public and private museums, archeological classic museums or fine arts at the museum of the heritages, museum of cars or museum of children, everybody can find his interest. The two main museums of the country are :

• Jabal al-Qal’a at Amman : an historic site of the capital, nowdays becomes an open air archaeological museum
• Archaeological museum of Aqaba : a small museum (4 rooms) but contains various objects tracing the history of the town.

Lebanon

The night of museums 2016 last april was a successful completion. This second edition makes known multiple historical museums of Lebanon in nocturnal visit and extraordinary activities. An event that help people to make a bit better known Lebanese museums. Therefore, we can find a lot of museums in the country and ten are located at Beirot the capital.

The culture of the Arab world is very rich, we can really develop our knowledge by discovering those countries and their histrories through those museums. As the latter are cultural assets of paramount importance, the countries must take measures in order to protect them.

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The countries

 The Arab world is composed of 22 countries represented by the IMA : Institute of the Arab World. For the greater part, they have the Arab as official language and the population is mainly Muslim even if some former religions are present. There are also other spoken languages in these countries. Here is the list of the countries : Algeria, Saidi Arabia, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Irak, Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen.

Geographicaly, the countries of the Arab world are grouped in 5 regional spaces categorizes as follows :

• The Magheb : Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya
• The Nile valley : Egypt and Sudan
• The horn of Africa : Djibouti, Somalia and Comoros
• The fertile cresent : Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Iraq
• The Arabian Peninsula : Saudi Arabia, Yeman, Oan, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait

The population

Accordind to studies in 2014, the Arabic population is estimated at 378 millions, and continue multiplying. Arab countries are in the heart of a demographic transition. We oserve an increase of the fertility of the woman, in other words an increase of the birth rate. As the case of Tunisia, we observe a fertility of 2,5 child by woman in 2014. And for the case of Egypt, there is a even a problem of overpopulation, Egyptians live on a narrow territory. But there is some exception like the case of the Libanon.

On one hand, in spite of this increase of the population, approximately 40% libves below the poverty line in 2009 accorrding to a report of the Program of the Nation United for the Fevelopment (UNDP) and the Arab League. But on the other hand, in front of this increasing demography, the cities of the Arab world get organized for projects of urbanization and priorizequality infrastructures. In particular, the systms of distributions of the water, tne energy, the waste treatment and transport networks in order to fullfil the population’s needs.

The politic

The countries of the Arb wolrd constitute a vast geopolitical entity as diverse as diversified. The Arab League, officially named « League of Arab Sates », is based on March 22nd, 1945 in Cairo by seven countries. Nowadays, it consists by 22 member states which we qualify as Arab world. The organization of the Arab League has four bodies :

• The summit of the heads of state
• The council of Ministers
• The permanent committees
• The General secretariat

The Arab States divide into Republics and Monarchies. The membership to the ligue is governed by charters and on certain conditions the main clauses of which are to be an Arab country (which the official or co-official language is Arabic) and independant. Every candidature is submitted if there is unanimity (article 7 of the charter). The adopted decisons must be applied by member countries.

The economy

The Arab world is well known by its production of oil, we find in particular some of the main world producers such us : Qatar, Emirates, Kuwait and Bahrain. Nevertheless, we notice a rather unequal distribution of the wealth because the Arab worldshelters some poorest cuntries in the world. We also find rich countries, as Qatar which is one of the 10 richest country in the world. The Arab world is thus diveded into two different parts on the economic plan, the countries which have some oil and those who have no it.

The whole Arab world, if it was considered a country, would post un GDP about 1800 billion dollars of which the Saudi Arabia with its GDP of about 654 billion dollars (2015). The average GDP per capita amounts to approximately $6200 if we group all the countries. But to underline the difference, the highest GDP/inhabitant is the one of Qatar with appoximately $140 000 in 2013 whereas that of Somali ais about $600.

The geography

The surface of the Arab is 13,3 milllions km², that is 3 times the surface of the European Union and 8,9 % of the surface of lands emerged from the world. Bahrain is the samallest Arab state with 707 km² and Algeria is the vastest country with a surface wich extends up to 2 381 741 km².

The Arabic ground contains the biggest reserves in oil and in phosphate in the world.

According to the geographers, except for five regional spaces form which form the countries of the Arab world, they can be also grouped in two regional spaces without the countries of the Horn of Africa :

• The Maghreb, the sunset : Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The Magreb is lined in the North by the Mediterranean Sea, by Atlantic Ocean in the West and in the South by the desert of Sahara and crossed by the chain of the Atlas on more than 2000km
• The Machrek, the East : Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yémén, Oman, United arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait. For the case of Machrek which indicates the Arabic East, the geographical limits vary considerably according to sources, sensibilities ot theories.

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